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Showing posts from June, 2025

Machine Learning: The Essential Concepts

  1️⃣ Types of Machine Learning Supervised Learning – Uses labeled data to train models. Examples: Linear Regression, Decision Trees, Random Forest, SVM Unsupervised Learning – Identifies patterns in unlabeled data. Examples: Clustering (K-Means, DBSCAN), PCA Reinforcement Learning – Models learn through rewards and penalties. Examples: Q-Learning, Deep Q Networks 2️⃣ Key Algorithms Regression – Predicts continuous values (Linear Regression, Ridge, Lasso). Classification – Categorizes data into classes (Logistic Regression, Decision Tree, SVM, Naïve Bayes). Clustering – Groups similar data points (K-Means, Hierarchical Clustering, DBSCAN). Dimensionality Reduction – Reduces the number of features (PCA, t-SNE, LDA). 3️⃣ Model Training & Evaluation Train-Test Split – Dividing data into training and testing sets. Cross-Validation – Splitting data multiple times for better accuracy. Metrics – Evaluating models with RMSE, Accuracy, Precisin, Recall, F1-Score, ROC-AUC. 4️⃣ Feature En...

India’s evolving diplomatic position on the Israel-Palestine conflict

Detailed Concept India abstained from a UNGA resolution (June 2025) calling for a ceasefire in Gaza , marking the fourth abstention in three years on resolutions critical of Israel’s actions in Gaza. The latest resolution , introduced by Spain , was passed by an overwhelming majority (149 in favor, 19 abstentions). Despite expressing concern over humanitarian crises , India cited "continuity in position" as the reason for abstention, aligning with previous votes (2022, 2023, 2024) where it refrained from directly criticizing Israel .   Data & Facts Key Facts Details Resolution Title "Protection of civilians and upholding legal and humanitarian obligations" Vote Outcome 149 in favor, 19 abstentions, 11 against (incl. USA, Israel) India's Vote Abstention Past Indian Votes Abstained in Oct 2023, Dec 2022, Dec 2024 Palestinian Death Toll (as cited) Over 55,000 India-Palestine Relations India recognized Palestine in 1988; maintains diplomatic ties     Compari...

Global Gender Gap Report 2025 – India’s Performance and Global Context

    1. Detailed Concept The Global Gender Gap Report 2025 , released by the World Economic Forum (WEF) , measures gender parity across four dimensions : Economic Participation & Opportunity Educational Attainment Health & Survival Political Empowerment India is ranked 131 out of 148 countries , with an overall parity score of 64.1% , making it one of the lowest-ranked in South Asia .   2. Data & Facts   India’s 2025 Rankings: Overall Rank : 131/148 (↓ from 129/146 in 2024) Overall Parity Score : 64.1% Economic Participation & Opportunity : 40.7% (↑ by 0.9 percentage points) Educational Attainment : 97.1% (↑ due to improved literacy and tertiary education parity) Health & Survival : Improved due to sex ratio and life expectancy parity Political Empowerment : ↓ from 14.7% to 13.8% in female parliamentary representation Top Global Performers: Iceland Finland Norway United Kingdom New Zealand South Asia Comparison: Country Rank (2025) Highlights Ban...